Civil Engineering covers a wide range of disciplines that work together to design, build, and maintain the world’s infrastructure. The major fields include:

 

 

Structural Engineering – Focuses on the design and analysis of buildings, bridges, towers, and other structures to ensure safety, stability, and strength.

 

Geotechnical Engineering – Deals with soil and rock behavior, foundation design, and earth-retaining structures, ensuring stability from the ground up.

 

Transportation Engineering – Involves planning, design, and maintenance of roads, highways, railways, airports, and traffic systems for safe and efficient movement.

 

Environmental Engineering – Focuses on protecting the environment by managing water, air, and waste systems, promoting sustainable development.

 

Water Resources Engineering – Manages the collection, storage, and distribution of water through dams, canals, drainage, and flood control systems.

 

Construction Engineering and Management – Ensures successful project execution through proper planning, scheduling, and cost control of construction activities.

 

Urban and Regional Planning – Involves designing and developing sustainable cities, towns, and communities with proper infrastructure and land use.

 

Surveying and Geomatics Engineering – Uses advanced tools and technologies to measure, map, and analyze land for construction and design purposes.

 

Materials Engineering – Studies construction materials like concrete, steel, and bitumen to improve strength, durability, and sustainability of structures.

 

 

 

Tests In civil Engineering

 

SOIL TESTS AND INVESTIGATIONS

 

 

 

 

SOIL TESTS AND INVESTIGATIONS

 

 

1. Sub-Soil Investigation (সবল বোরিং)

 

Explanation:
Exploring and sampling the soil below the ground surface to determine its properties and stratification. It helps in foundation design and understanding ground conditions.

 

 

2. Pile and Plate Load Test (পাইল ও প্লেট লোড পরীক্ষা)

 

Explanation:
Used to determine the load-carrying capacity of piles or shallow foundations (using a plate). It measures how soil behaves under actual loads.

 

 

3. Moisture Content (আর্দ্রতার পরিমাণ)

 

Explanation:
Determines the amount of water present in the soil. It is essential for classifying soil and analyzing its strength and compaction.

 

 

4. Specific Gravity (আপেক্ষিক গুরত্ব)

 

Explanation:
The ratio of the weight of soil solids to the weight of an equal volume of water. It helps in identifying soil type and computing other soil properties.

 

 

5. Unit Weight (Wet & Dry) (একক ওজন/ঘনত্ব)

 

Explanation:
Indicates how heavy a soil is per unit volume. “Wet” includes moisture; “dry” excludes it. Important for earthwork and stability analysis.

 

6. Sieve Analysis and Hydrometer (Including Specific Gravity)

(চলনি বিশ্লেষণ, হাইড্রোমিটার পরীক্ষা)


Explanation:
Used to determine particle size distribution of soil. Sieve analysis is for coarse particles; hydrometer test is for fine particles.

 

 

7. Liquid Limit & Plastic Limit (তরল সীমা ও প্লাস্টিক সীমা)

 

Explanation:
These limits define how soil changes from solid to plastic to liquid states with moisture. They are crucial for soil classification (Atterberg limits).

 

 

8. Shrinkage Limit & Linear Shrinkage (সংকোচন সীমা ও রেখীয় সংকোচন)

 

Explanation:
Measures how much a soil sample shrinks when it dries. Helps evaluate potential volume changes due to moisture variations.

 

 

9. Wash Sieve & Hydrometer (Including Specific Gravity)

 

Explanation:
A combined test used to separate fine and coarse soil fractions and assess particle distribution including specific gravity.

 

 

10. Void Ratio (ফাঁকা অনুপাত)

 

Explanation:
The ratio of the volume of voids (air + water) to the volume of solids in the soil. Indicates soil compactness and permeability.

 

 

11. CBR of Soil (Base and Sub-Base) (মাটির CBR)

 

Explanation:
California Bearing Ratio test measures the soil’s load-bearing strength for road and pavement subgrades.

 

 

12. Consolidated/Unconsolidated Quick Test (Direct Shear Test)

(কনসলিডেটেড/আনকনসলিডেটেড দ্রুত ডাইরেক্ট শিয়ার পরীক্ষা)


Explanation:
Determines the shear strength of soil under different drainage conditions. It simulates how soil fails under stress.

 

 

13. Consolidated Drained Test (Direct Shear Test)

 

Explanation:
Shear test allowing drainage during loading. It gives long-term shear strength parameters of soil.

 

 

14. Unconfined Compression Test (আন-কনফাইন্ড কম্প্রেশন পরীক্ষা)

 

Explanation:
Used mainly for cohesive soils (like clay). It measures the compressive strength without lateral confinement.

 

 

15. One-Dimensional Consolidation (এক মাত্রিক সংক্ষেপণ)

 

Explanation:
Determines the settlement behavior of soil when subjected to load over time (important for foundation design).

 

 

16. Permeability Test (Cohesive & Non-Cohesive Soils)

by 1D Consolidation Method


Explanation:
Measures how easily water can flow through soil pores. It affects drainage and stability of structures.

 

 

17. Triaxial Test (Drained/Undrained, with/without Pore Pressure)

 

Explanation:
A highly accurate test to determine soil strength parameters under controlled pressure conditions. Simulates real field stress conditions.

 

 

18. Organic Matter Content & Loss on Ignition (LOI)

(জৈব পদার্থের পরিমাণ ও দহনজনিত ক্ষতি)


Explanation:
Determines the percentage of organic matter in soil. High organic content affects soil compressibility and stability.

 

 

19. Field Density & Relative Density (ক্ষেত্র ঘনত্ব ও আপেক্ষিক ঘনত্ব)

 

Explanation:
Measures in-situ soil density. Relative density helps assess compactness of granular soils.

 

 

20. Proctor Test (Standard & Modified Effort)

(প্রোক্টর পরীক্ষা - স্ট্যান্ডার্ড ও মডিফাইড প্রচেষ্টা)


Explanation:
Determines the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density of soil for compaction work in the field.